3“the+表示民族、阶级、政党成员的复数名词”表示全体:The Chinese were a highly civilized people

 

英语冠词用法系列讲座(七)类指“类指”是表示具有共同性质或典型特例的同类人或事物，也就是泛指一类人或事物7.1 不定冠词用于表示类指：①“a[an]+单数可数名词”侧重于指同类别中任何一个的特点，以一个代表整类人或事物，。

类似汉语的“举一反三”或“以此类推”：A spade is a tool. 铁锹是一种工具A bicycle has two wheels. 自行车有两个轮子A monkey is a clever animal. 猴子是一种聪明的动物。

An owl can see in the dark. 猫头鹰能在夜里看见东西② a[an]用在一些已具体化的物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一种，一类”等意义，这时的不可数名词转化为表示“一种类型”的可数名词：。

Asparagus is a grass. 芦笋是一种草Long-jing is a well-known tea. 龙井是一种名茶It is a pleasure to help others. 帮助别人是一种乐趣。

She has a fair knowledge of statistics. 她精通统计学7.2 定冠词用于表示类指：①“the+单数可数名词”指整个类别，这个类别是可以区别于另一个类别的：I hate。

the telephone. 我讨厌电话The cobra is dangerous. 眼镜蛇是危险的The cow is a useful animal. 奶牛是一种有用的动物The television was invented in 1925. 电视是1925年发明的。

②“the+某些集体名词”强调整体：The museum is open to the public. 博物馆对公众开放The police are a law-enforcement organization. 警察局是强制执行法律的机构。

③“the+表示民族、阶级、政党成员的复数名词”表示全体：The Chinese were a highly civilized people long before the Europeans were. 早在欧洲人之前很久，中国人就是一个高度文明的民族了。

The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. 无产者失去的只是身上的锁链The workers and the peasants are living a happy life. 工人和农民过着幸福的生活。

The Democrats supported the proposal. 民主党人支持这项建议④“the+某些形容词或分词”代表性质或特征相同的一类人，表示复数意义，作主语时谓语动词常用复数：The young。

should respect the old. 年轻人应尊敬老年人The rich are not always happier than the poor. 富人并不一定总比穷人幸福The living。

are more important to us than the dead. 对我们而言，生者比死者更重要The wounded are well looked after. 伤员受到很好照顾⑤“the+某些形容词或分词”表示抽象概念或一类事物，表示单数意义，用作主语时谓语动词用单数：

The true always triumphs. 真理永远获胜He has no eye for the beautiful. 他没有审美的眼力The true is to be distinguished from。

the false. 真伪须辨明Ring out the old, ring in the new. 辞旧迎新The old must give place to the new. 旧事物必须让位于新事物。

Time passes and the old gives place to the new. 光阴飞逝，推陈出新It is the unexpected that always happens. 世事常难预料。

7.3 零冠词用于表示类指：①“零冠词+复数可数名词”表示同类别中不同种类或个体的总体，或侧重于多数或群体：I like tomatoes. 我喜欢西红柿Farmers are busy in autumn. 秋天农民很忙。

Boys are naughty but creative. 男孩淘气但有创造力②“零冠词+不可数名词”表示一般概念：Electricity is a form of energy. 电是能量的一种形态。

Energy is the capacity for doing work. 能是做功的能力Copper conducts electricity much better than iron. 铜比铁导电性能好。

7.4 不定限定词any用于表示类指：any与单数可数名词搭配时，相当于every“任何一个”的含义Any car must be insured. 任何汽车都必须投保Any child could answer that question. 任何一个孩子都可以回答那个问题。

7.5 名词的’s所有格表示类别：He is in students’ dormitory. 他在学生宿舍He was born in 1982, took doctor’s degree in physics. 他出生于1982年，取得物理博士学位。

7.6 不同冠词表示类指的比较：不定冠词、定冠词以及零冠词均可与可数名词的一定形式相结合，表示该名词所代表的类属① 既可由个体代表类属，又可表示整类，又可表示群体时，三种表示类指的方法可通用；“a[an]+单数可数名词”为口语体，“the+单数可数名词”为古语体，最不普通，“零冠词+复数可数名词”为口语体，最普通：。

A steel worker makes steel.The steel worker makes steel.Steel workers make steel. 钢铁工人生产钢A horse is a useful animal.。

The horse is a useful animal.Horses are useful animals. 马是有用的动物② 由于“a[an]+单数可数名词”侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点，主要起泛指作用，。

所以可以用any代替a[an]：A[Any] square has four sides. 正方形有四条边The best way to learn a[any] language is to live among its speakers. 学习语言的最好方法是生活在讲这种语言的人中间。

③ 由于“a[an]+单数可数名词”强调个体所代表的类属，所以在为某一类属下定义或说明该类属的人或事物的性质、特征时，要用“a[an]+单数可数名词”：A trianglehad three angles. 三角形有三个角。

A teacher is a person who teaches. 教师就是教书的人A dictionary is a book which gives the meanings of a word. 词典是解释词义的书。

④ 由于“the+单数可数名词”指的是整个类属，所以如果明显不是着眼于任何一个个体或群体所表达的情况，而是着眼于整体的概念，就要用“the+单数可数名词”表类属，常涉及“绝种”或“发明”等：The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 虎有灭绝的危险。

不能说A tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 也不能说Any tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 因为濒临灭绝的是整个虎类，而不是任何一只虎都面临灭绝的危险。

The telephone was invented in 1876. 电话是1876年发明的不能说A telephone was invented in 1876.⑤ 由于“the+单数可数名词”强调整体概念的类属，所以这种表示类属的方法常用于不同类属的选择或对比：。

The pen is mightier than the sword. 笔比剑更有力The pine lives longer than the oak. 松树比橡树寿命长He refers to the teacher

, not to the student. 他指的是老师，不是学生⑥ 由于零冠词强调同一类中不同个体或不同种类、或指多数或群体而非任一个体或整类，所以当涉及同一类属中的不同种类时，要用“零冠词+复数可数名词”：。

Things develop. 事物是发展的(指各种事物)Flowers are sold there. 那里在卖花(指各种花卉)What fruits are in season now? 现在是什么水果上市(指各品种的水果)？。

Soldiers wear uniforms. 士兵穿着制服(各兵种的士兵穿着各式各样的制服)冠词是英语中十分重要、意义色彩非常复杂的词，它的使用率很高，是英语中最常用的词传统语法将冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类，现代英语将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。

冠词是一种本身不能独立使用的虚词，一般放在名词前面，帮助说明这个名词的含义冠词的用法有其规律性，又有其习惯性有时必须用不定冠词，有时必须用定冠词；有时既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词；有时不用或缺省冠词；有时用或不用冠词，用不定冠词或用定冠词，意义上又差别很

大为了更好地掌握和使用冠词，我对冠词的用法进行了深入细致的学习和研究、归纳和总结，整理成册，与广大英语爱好者共同学习需要者可加微信shengengjingdian，我将分享冠词的详细讲解《英语冠词》共十章，前五章讲基本知识，后五章讲深入内容，努力解决现有语法书含糊不清的地方，帮助深层次了解冠词的使用，解决冠词使用和考试中出现的疑难问题。

这是一本论述英语冠词的专著讲述了不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的用法以及冠词的省略和后置，详述了各类词语使用冠词的情形，阐述了泛指、类指、特指、独指的语言现象以及不定冠词与数词one的区别和定冠词与指示限定词的区别，解析了冠词使用中常见的错误。

特别适合中学生学习英语冠词时使用，也可供英语爱好者以及专家学者遇到冠词使用的疑难问题时查阅《英语冠词》目 录第一章 不定冠词的用法第二章 定冠词的用法第三章 零冠词的用法第四章 冠词的省略第五章 冠词的后置

第六章 各类词语使用冠词的情形第七章 泛指、类指、特指、独指第八章 不定冠词与数词one的区别第九章 定冠词与指示限定词的区别英语有很多容易混淆的词语在英汉词典中有很多汉语释义雷同或相近的英语词汇，在很多情况下，由于语境、搭配、句型结构等不同，它们之间有的存在细微差异，有的存在很大差别；有些词义相同或相近的词汇在某些情况下可换用，但在另一些情况下却不能换用；这在许多同义词、近义词中都有类似情况，很容易误用和错用。

在英语词汇中，有些单词相貌非常相似，但词义却不同，很容易张冠李戴如果不了解同义词、近义词、近形词等易混词语的区别，尤其是这类词之间的细微差异和习惯用法，就掌握不到规范、地道的英语，在交际和写作中常令人匪夷所思，甚至闹出笑话，因此，熟悉和掌握易混词语的区别和用法是非常重要的。

为此，我学习和研究英语易混词20多年，辨析了560组常用的或疑难的易混词，Word排版，大32开，1128页，80万字，150万字符为了与网友分享，又编辑了手机版以易混词语组为主干，列出一组易混词语，说明这组易混词语的共。

性和区别，逐词阐释词义及用法，并配有例句及汉语译文，以便系统地掌握一组易混词语的共同点和区别每组词的解释和说明力求简明扼要、通俗易懂，且又尽量详尽；针对解释和说明，选择例句规范、地道、实用，具有时代特色，容易学习模仿，努力做到层次清楚、主次分明，使人见树又见林，知其然更能知其所以然。

例句涉及天文地理、自然科学、人文科学，学习英语易混词的同时，增加多方面的知识，有些例句包含人生哲理，催人奋进《英语易混词辨析》是我20多年对英语易混词学习和研究的总结每句话都经过反复考究、反复推敲，有时为考究一句话的正误要花上几天甚至几十天，有的一组词的考证总结就用了几年功夫。

shengengjingdian是我的微信号，需要文档中任何内容或者全部文档者，加我微信，我将分享文档，互学共勉我决心深耕不辍，打造经典，与万千朋友共勉非常欢迎广大朋友提供宝贵意见，凡被采纳的独创性见解，我将一一表示感谢！。

《英语易混词辨析》目录1. a, an2. a[an], one3. a[an], the4. abandon, desert, discard, forsake, give up5. abide, bear, endure, stand, suffer, tolerate, put up with, brook

6. ability, capability, capacity, competence, faculty, genius, talent, power, skill, aptitude7. able, capable, competent, adequate, qualified

8. abnormal, irregular, unusual, eccentric, unnatural, exceptional, subnormal, aberrant9. aboard, board

10. abolish, abrogate, annul, countermand, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel, call off, do away with11. about, approximately, around, roughly

12. about, around, round13. about, of, on14. above, beyond, over, more than15. above, over, on16. abroad, overseas

17. absolute, complete, entire, perfect, utter, total, thorough, full18. absorb, digest, assimilate, suck

19. abstract, attract, contract, distract, extract, protract, retract, subtract, tractor20. abstract, digest, outline, summary, resume, synopsis, gist

21. absurd, ridiculous, preposterous, ludicrous22. accelerate, quicken, speed23. accent, dialect, tone, pronunciation, intonation

24. accept, receive25. accessory, appendix, attachment, supplement, affiliation26. accompany, company, see, attend, escort, convoy

27. accomplish, achieve, complete, finish, fulfil(l)28. accomplishment, achievement, exploit, feat, success

29. accord, agree, coincide, conform, correspond, square, tally30. accord, agreement, convention, treaty, pact, compact, bargain, contract, understanding

31. according to, in accordance with, in accord with32. accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so

33. accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, gather, congregate, hoard34. accurate, exact, precise35. accuse, charge, denounce, blame, condemn, scold, rebuke, reproach, censure, chide, reprove, upbraid, impeach

36. achieve, acquire, obtain, gain, get, attain, earn, derive, secure, win, procure37. achieve, attain, arrive, reach, gain, get, come to

38. acknowledge, admit, concede, confess, own, recognise, recognize, allow, grant39. acquaintance, friend, intimate, familiar, confidant, confidante

40. act, action, behave, behavio(u)r, conduct, deed, manner, activity, style41. actor, actress, performer, player, cast

42. actual, authentic, genuine, positive, practical, real, true, virtual43. acute, keen, sharp44. acute, urgent, imperative, critical, crucial, pressing, emergency

45. add, increase, gain, augment, multiply, broaden, widen, lengthen, enlarge46. add, plus47. additional, extra, supplementary

48. address, deliver, discourse, lecture, speak, talk, speech, declaim, orate49. address, greet, hail, salute, welcome

50. adhere, glue, stick, cling, cohere51. adopt, foster52. adorn, decorate, ornament, embellish, bedeck, garnish

53. adult, grown-up, mature, ripe, mellow54. advance, forward, further, promote, expedite55. advance, move on, proceed, progress, march

56. advanced, progressive, radical57. advantage, benefit, profit, interest58. adventure, venture, risk, hazard, chance

59. adverse, contrary, opposite, reverse, contradictory, converse, inverse60. advice, proposal, proposition, recommendation, suggestion

61. advise, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest62. advise, persuade, convince, counsel, recommend, urge, induce, coax

63. affair, business, concern, matter, thing64. affect, effect65. affect, influence, impress, impact, leverage

66. affection, emotion, feeling, passion, sentiment, sentimentality67. affirm, allege, assert, claim, declare

68. afraid, fearful, dreadful, frightful, awful, awesome, horrible, horrid, horrific, terrible, terrific, frightened, frightening

69. after, behind70. afterward(s), later71. age, epoch, era, period, times, day, date72. aged, elderly, old

73. ago, before74. agony, anguish, misery, torment, torture, distress, grief, grieve, mourn, sadden, sadness, sorrow

75. agree, approve, consent, grant, subscribe, be for, accede, assent, concur76. aid, assist, help77. air, atmosphere, gas

78. alike, like, parallel, similar, same, identical, equal, comparable79. alive, live, living80. all, whole

81. alleviate, ease, lessen, lighten, relieve, abate, allay, assuage, mitigate, soothe, subside82. allocate, assign, distribute, divide, allot, apportion

83. allow, permit84. almost, nearly85. alone, lonely, lone, lonesome, solitary, desolate, forlorn86. aloud, loud, loudly

87. already, yet88. also, as well, too, either89. although, though90. altogether, all together91. always, forever, usually, often, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly, rarely, never

92. among, between93. amount, number94. amplify, enlarge, expand, magnify95. analogy, likeness, resemblance, similarity

96. ancient, antique, antiquity97. anger, indignation, fury, rage, outrage, wrath98. angle, corner, horn

99. animal, beast, creature, brute100. announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, publish101. annoy, bother, disturb, interfere, interrupt, irritate, trouble

102. another, other103. answer, reply, respond104. anxiety, care, concern, worry105. anxious, eager, keen, hungry, thirsty, longing, yearning

106. any, some107. anyhow, anyway108. anyone, any one109. apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, obvious, plain, noticeable, visible

110. appear, arise, emerge, loom, pop, come out111. appear, look, seem112. appoint, designate, name, nominate

113. appreciate, enjoy114. appropriate, fit, fitting, proper, suitable115. area, district, region, section, zone, belt, quarter, part, ward, neighbo(u)rhood, locality

116. argue, dispute, debate, quarrel, row, reason, squabble117. arise, rise118. arms, weapon, armament, weaponry

119. army, troops, force, military120. article, composition, theme, essay, prose, paper, editorial, thesis, dissertation

121. artificial, synthetic, man-made, fake, false, sham122. as, like, alike123. as good as, as well as

124. ashamed, shameful, shameless125. ask, question, inquire, examine, interrogate, query, demand126. asleep, sleep, sleeping, sleepy

127. aspire, desire, dying, hunger, long, pine, starve, thirst, yearn, pant, crave128. associate, colleague, companion, company, fellow, mate, partner, comrade

129. association, society, club, league, union, alliance, federation, fellowship, community130. assure, ensure, insure, guarantee

131. at, in, on132. attach, band, bandage, bind, bunch, bundle, chain, fasten, hitch, rope, secure, strap, tape, tie, wrap

133. attempt, try, endeavo(u)r134. attend, join, participate, take part in, be[go] in for, enter135. attract, draw, appeal, charm, tempt, lure, allure, entice

136. audience, spectator, listeners, viewers137. author, writer138. avenge, revenge, retaliate139. avenue, street, road, lane, way, expressway, freeway, motorway, highway, highroad, pavement, sidewalk, pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing, pedestrian crosswalk, alley, drive, driveway, parkway, path, footpath, footway, pathway, trace, track, trail, route, course, line

140. avoid, dodge, escape, flee, run away, miss, duck, elude, evade, shun141. await, wait142. award, reward, prize, bonus

143. awkward, clumsy, ungainly144. baby, child, boy, girl, infant, kid, lad, lass, babe, toddler145. bachelor, master, doctor

146. bad, ill, evil, wicked147. baffle, bewilder, confuse, embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confound, disconcert, mystify

148. bake, roast, toast, grill, broil, barbecue149. balance, equilibrate, equilibrium, poise150. bald, bare, barren, naked, nude, stark

151. ban, forbid, prohibit152. bank, beach, coast, shore, seaside153. banner, flag, standard, pennant

154. bar, barricade, barrier, block, roadblock, handicap, hindrance, hurdle, impediment, obstacle, obstruction

155. bar, barricade, block, roadblock, deter, forestall, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, interfere, interrupt, obstruct, prevent, stop, keep, hold

156. barbarous, bloody, brutal, cruel, ferocious, fierce, inhuman, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, savage, vicious

157. base, basis, foundation158. basic, elemental, elementary, essential, fundamental, primary, rudimentary

159. bath, bathe160. bay, bight, cove, creek, fiord, fjord, gulf, inlet161 be about to do, be going to (do)

162. beam, blaze, glare, glow, ray, shine, light, lighten, illuminate, kindle163. bear, bore, born, borne, birth

164. beat, defeat, win, victory, conquer, overcome, prevail, triumph, vanquish165. beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking

166. because, as, since, for167. because of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to168. beckon, gesture, motion, sign, signal

169. begin, start170. believe, trust171. beloved, favo(u)rite, popular172. below, under, beneath, underneath

173. beside, besides174. besides, apart from, aside from, else than, other than175. besiege, encircle, enclose, envelop, fence, picket, surround

176. better, improve177. big, large, great178. bite, gnaw, nibble, chew, peck, lick, devour, swallow179. bite, gnaw, snap, savage, nibble, peck, sting

180. blank, margin, empty, bare, hollow, vacant, free, void, vacuum181. blast, blow, burst, explode, dynamite, erupt

182. blemish, flaw, defect, shortcoming, weakness, fault183. blend, compound, mixture, composite, alloy

184. blend, mix, combine, mingle, merge185. blink, flare, flash, flicker, glance, gleam, glimmer, glint, glisten, glitter, shimmer, spark, sparkle, twinkle, wink

186. blink, wink, twinkle187. blush, flush, glow, crimson, redden188. board, commission, committee, council, jury

189. boat, canoe, craft, dinghy, ferry, raft, yacht, sail, ship, liner, cruiser, vessel, tanker, barge, tug, steamer, sub

190. bold, brave, courage, dare, heroic191. border, boundary, frontier, barrier, division, limit192. border, brim, rim, brink, edge, fringe, margin, verge

193. borrow, lend, loan, use194. both, either, neither195. bowl, cup, glass, plate, saucer, dish, dishes, spoon, chopsticks, knife, fork

196. branch, bough, limb, twig, spray, shoot197. brand, make, trademark, label, tag198. break, burst, chip, crack, crash, crush, fracture, grind, shatter, smash, snap, splinter, split

199. breed, foster, raise, rear, bring up200. brief, short201. bring, take, fetch, get202. broad, wide

203. burden, load204. business, commerce, trade, bargain, deal, traffic205. businessman, dealer, merchant, trader, tradesman, retailer, wholesaler

206. button, knob, switch, control, dial, wheel207. buy, purchase208. calculate, compute, count, figure, number, reckon, work out

209. calm, quiet, silent, still, placid, restful, serene, tranquil210. campaign, crusade, drive, movement, motion

211. can, could, be able to212. can, could, may, might213. can, could, may, might, must214. cane, staff, stick

215. cap, hat216. careful, cautious, discreet, guarded, prudent, prudential, alert, vigilant, wary, watchful

217. carry, bear, hump, tote, haul, lug, cart, run, raft, fly, ship, convey, deliver, ferry, shuttle, hurry, transport

218. case, circumstance, condition, situation, state, status219. catastrophe, calamity, disaster, plague, tragedy

220. catch, clutch, grasp, grip, seize, capture, clasp, grab, snatch, arrest, trap221. cause, reason222. caution, warn, forewarn, admonish

223. celebrate, congratulate, compliment224. centre, core, focus, heart, hub, nucleus, middle225. certain, sure

226. chance, occasion, opportunity, break227. change, alter, convert, vary, transform, turn, adapt, modify, adjust, accommodate

228. channel, strait229. character, individuality, personality, nature230. charter, hire, lease, let, rent, tenant

231. chase, catch, pursue, hunt, be[run, go, get, seek] after232. check, examine, inspect, test, verify, go over, go through, look over, look through

233. chief, main, major, primary, prime, principal, capital, central, key, leading234. choice, pick, alternative, option, election, selection, vote, preference

235. choose, pick, select, prefer, elect, vote, opt236. circle, circuit, encircle, orbit, revolve, rotate, swivel, wheel, crank, pivot, spin, whirl, twirl, twist, swirl, turn, roll, round

237. cite, quote238. class, course, lesson239. clay, earth, ground, mud, soil, land240. clever, wise, smart, bright, brilliant, gifted, ingenious, intellectual, intelligent, sagacious, shrewd, apt, cute

241. climate, weather242. climb, crawl, creep, ascend, mount, scale, scramble243. close, conclude, end, finish, terminate

244. close, shut245. clothe, dress, wear, put on, have on, be in246. clothes, clothing, coat, dress, suit

247. coarse, crude, rude, rough, harsh, vulgar248. cold, bleak, chill, chilly, cool, warm, warmth, heat, hot

249. column, file, queue, rank, row, line, range, procession250. come, go251. comfort, console, relieve, solace, soothe, appease, placate, pacify

252. comfort, ease253. command, direct, instruct, order, bid, dictate254. common, general, universal, normal, ordinary, usual, average, commonplace

255. compare, contrast256. compel, constrain, enforce, force, impel, impose, oblige257. complex, complicated, intricate, involved

258. component, constituent, element, ingredient259. compose, comprise, consist of, constitute, form, make

260. comprehensible, comprehensive261. concentrate, focus262. concept, conception, notion, idea, outlook, opinion, thinking, thought, judgement, view, viewpoint

263. concern, concerned, concerning264. conduct, direct, guide, lead, navigate, pilot, steer, usher265. confine, limit, restrict

266. connect, join, joint, link, combine, couple, associate, unite, unify267. consequence, effect, result, outcome, upshot, finding, fruit

268. consequence, importance, significance, value, magnitude269. consign, despatch, dispatch, express, forward, freight, mail, email, post, send

270. conspire, plot, scheme271. contain, include, involve, comprise, cover, embrace272. content, fulfil(l), gratify, meet, please, satisfy

273. continual, continuous, consecutive, successive, constant, persistent, perpetual straight, ceaseless, incessant, nonstop, uninterrupted

274. continually, continuously275. continuance, continuation, continuity276. continue, carry, go on, move on, proceed, resume, persist, endure, hold, keep, last

277. continue, keep, lie, remain, rest, sit, stand, stay, hold, last278. contribute, dedicate, devote, donate

279. cook, cooker280. cope, deal, dispose, handle, manage, treat281. cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, sincere

282. corridor, passage, aisle, hall, porch, veranda(h),gallery, catwalk, walkway283. cost, expend, spend, take

284. costly, dear, expensive285. country, countryside, village286. country, nation, state287. couple, pair

288. crazy, frantic, insane, mad, nuts289. create, invent, discover, find290. crime, evil, guilt, offence, offense, sin, vice, violation, misdeed, wrongdoing

291. criminal, evil, guilty, sinful, wicked292. crop, harvest, reap, yield293. cross, across, over294. crowd, throng, squash, lot, mob, rabble, horde, band, parcel, gang, drove, flock, herd, pack, school, shoal, swarm, company, party, group, colony, multitude, cloud, host, troop,

cluster, crop,crush, wave295. cry, wail, blubber, bawl, howl, weep, snivel, sob, whimper, whine, tear

296. cure, heal, mend, remedy, treat, doctor, medicate297. custom, habit, manner, convention, practice, tradition, use, usage, way

298. customary, accustomed, conventional, habitual, traditional, usual, used299. customer, client, patron, guest, passenger, consumer, buyer, purchaser, shopper

300. damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, wound, disable, cripple, paralys[z]e, mar, spoil, bruise, burn, cut, scratch, maim, pull, tear, strain, sprain, twist, wrench

301. damp, dank, humid, moist, muggy, wet302. danger, hazard, peril, risk303. dangerous, hazardous, perilous, precarious, risky, unsafe

304. dark, black, dim, dusky, gloomy, obscure305. deceive, cheat, trick, defraud, swindle, fool, con, fleece, impose

306. decide, determine, resolve, settle, make up one’s mind307. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, reduce

308. decline, descend, fall, drip, drop, sink, subside, degrade, fail309. deep, deeply310. deep, profound

311. defend, guard, preserve, protect, safeguard, ensure, secure, shield312. defer, delay, postpone, prolong, protract, put off, retard, suspend

313. delicate, faint, feeble, fragile, frail, impotent, infirm, limp, soft, weak314. depend, rely, bank, count, reckon, rest, trust

315. deprive, dispossess, divest, rob, strip316. deride, gibe, jibe, jeer, laugh at, mock, rag, ridicule, scoff, scorn, sneer, taunt, tease

317. desirable, desirous318. desk, table319. despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, for all, with all

320. destroy, damage, demolish, devastate, raze, ruin, wreck321. die, death, dead, deadly, deathly, dying

322. die, drown, execute, hang, kill, poison, strangle, starve323. die, expire, pass, perish, decease

324. differ, disagree, disapprove, dissent, divide, object, oppose325. different, various, diverse, distinct, distinctive

326. differentiate, discriminate, distinguish, tell327. difficult, hard328. digit, figure, number, numeral

329. disability, inability330. disable, enable, unable331. disappear, fade, vanish, merge, lift, swallow

332. disclose, expose, reveal, uncover333. disease, illness, sickness, complaint, disorder, trouble, ailment, malady, malaise

334. dispatch, hasten, hurry, rush335. dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter336. display, exhibit, expose, show

337. disposition, temper, temperament338. distant, far, remote339. divide, divorce, part, insulate, isolate, segregate, separate

340. do, make341. doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist, psychiatrist, resident, practitioner, GP342. door, gate, exit, gateway

343. doubt, suspect, question, distrust, mistrust344. drag, draw, haul, jerk, lug, pull, stretch, tow, tug, trail

345. dread, fear, fright, horror, panic, scare, startle, terror, alarm346. drift, float347. drill, exercise, practice, train

348. drink, have, gulp, lick, sip, slurp, suck, swallow349. drive, ride, fly, sail, motor350. duty, obligation, responsibility, liability

351. each, every352. each other, one another353. earnest, grave, serious, sober, solemn354. eat, dine, have, take, help yourself

355. economic, economical, economically, economics, economy, financial, financially, finance, fiscal356. educate, instruct, teach, school, train, coach, tutor

357. effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient358. effort, endeavo(u)r, exert, pains, struggle, strain, strive, take … trouble

359. elder, eldest; older, oldest360. electric, electrical, electronic361. elegant, graceful362. elongate, extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong, protract

363. else, other364. embrace, hug, clasp, cradle, press, squeeze, cuddle, clinch365. emphasis[z]e, stress, underline, underscore, accent, accentuate, highlight

366. employ, engage, hire367. encounter, meetenough, sufficient, adequate, 368. ample, plentiful369. environment, surroundings, circumstance, conditions

370. especially, particularly, specially371. esteem, hono(u)r, regard, respect, revere, reverence, adore, worship, admire, homage

372. event, accident, incident, occurrence, casualty, mishap, happening373. eventual, eventually; final, finale, finally; last, lastly, at last; ultimate, ultimately; at length, in the end

374. everybody, everyone, every one375. examination, quiz, test, final, oral, makeup376. example, instance, case, illustration

377. example, model, pattern378. exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo, outstrip379. except, but, excluding, bar, beyond, outside, save, unless, short of, next to, no counting, otherwise

380. excuse, forgive, pardon, overlook381. exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive382. exist, live, survive

383. expand, swell, dilate, distend, inflate384. expert, specialist, authority, guru, pundit385. extend, spread, stretch

386. exterior, external, outer, outside, outward387. fade, wilt, wither388. fair, fairly389. fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very

390. fame, glory, hono(u)r, name, prestige, renown, reputation, repute, stature391. family, home, house, household

392. farther, further; farthest, furthest393. fast, quick, rapid, swift, prompt, speedy, express, hasty

394. fee, charge, cost, expense, fare, freight, toll, tip, expenditure395. few, a few, little, a little

396. fighter, soldier, warrior397. film, movie, picture, cinema398. find, look, search, seek, hunt, comb, rake, rummage

399. fine, good, nice, well400. fire, burn, blaze, flame, flare, light, ignite, kindle401. fit, suit, match

402. fittings, fixture, furniture403. flesh, meat404. flower, bloom, blossom405. fluid, liquid, gas, solid

406. fog, mist, haze, smog407. follow, trace, track, trail, tail, shadow, stalk408. foolish, silly, stupid, dull, fatuous

409. force, power, strength, energy, might, vigour410. forceful, forcible411. forecast, foresee, foresight, foretell, forewarn, predict, prophecy, prophesy

412. foregoing, former, preceding, previous, prior413. forest, jungle, bushes, shrubbery, wood(s), grove

414. forget, leave415. form, shape, figure, outline, profile416. game, match, race, quiz, final, rival, compete, contend, contest, dispute, scramble

417. gift, present418. give, accord, award, confer, grant, present, entitle, bestow, vouchsafe419. glad, happy, pleasant, nice, cheerful, agreeable, delightful, jolly, joyful, joyous, merry, gay

420. good-bye, bye, bye-bye, so long, farewell421. grand, magnificent, splendid, superb, glorious, gorgeous, spectacular, imposing, majestic, sublime

422. grow, plant, cultivate, crop, seed, sow423. happen, occur, chance, break out, take place, befall

424. harbo(u)r, port, seaport, dock, pier, jetty, quay, wharf425. hard, harsh, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern, strict

426. hardly, scarcely, barely427. heading, headline, title, theme, subject, topic428. heap, pile, stack, mass, bank

429. hear, listen430. height, altitude, elevation, stature431. hide, conceal, bury, cache, cloak, cover, disguise, harbo(u)r, mask, screen, shelter, suppress, veil

432. high, tall, lofty433. hint, imply, indicate, intimate, suggest, allude, insinuate434. holiday, vacation, leave, festival, furlough

435. hope, want, wish436. hunger, hungry, starve, starvation, famine, famish437. identify, recognise, recognize, make out, pick out, place, know, spot, tell

438. idle, lazy, indolent439. ill, sick440. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative441. important, significant, vital, momentous

442. in addition to, as well as, on top of, over and above, among other things, more than, along with

443. income, pay, salary, wage444. individual, personal, private, intimate, privy445. information, info, intelligence, message, news, tidings, word

446. insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang, hold, keep, stick, endure

447. intend, mean, plan, be going to, be thinking of448. invaluable, priceless, precious, valuable, valued

449. investigate, enquire, inquire, probe, survey450. jest, joke, banter, kid, tease, quip451. job, task, duty, chore, labour, toil, work

452. jump, leap, bound, bounce, hop, skip, spring, clear, gambol, hurdle, vault453. kind, sort, type, category, class, classification, breed, species, variety

454. lack, absent, absence, deficient, deficiency, scarce, scarcity, short, shortage, want, need455. landscape, outlook, panorama, perspective, prospect, scene, scenery, sight, spectacle, view

456. late, later, latter, latest, last, lately, latterly, lastly457. lately, recently, not long ago, soon

458. laugh, chortle, guffaw, roar, mirth, chuckle, giggle, simper, smirk, snicker, snigger, titter, grin, beam, smile

459. lawsuit, suit, proceed, action, case, cause, litigate, sue, prosecute, indict, appeal460. lay, lie

461. lay, place, put, set462. learn, study463. lie, falsehood, fib, story464. lift, raise, elevate, hoist, heave

465. list, schedule, timetable, table, form466. little, small467. locality, location, place, position, site, situation, spot, scene

468. look, see, watch469. love, lover, lovely, loving, lovable470. luck, chance, break, lot, fortune, fate, destiny, doom

471. machine, machinery472. many, a (large[good, great]) number of, a (great, large) multitude (of), a good few (of)

473. map, atlas, chart, plot, design, blueprint, draft, sketch, plan, diagram, graph, illustration, figure, artwork

474. mark, tick, check, sign, symbol, character, brand475. material, matter, substance, stuff476. medicine, drug, specific, remedy, cure

477. meeting, conference, convention, assembly, rally, congress, council, session, summit, gathering, caucus

478. memoris[z]e, recall, recollect, remember, remind479. mend, patch, repair, fix480. method, means, way, manner, approach, process, mode, system, fashion

481. mighty, powerful482. migrate, migrant, migration; emigrate, emigrant, emigration; immigrate, immigrant, immigration

483. mission, task, assignment484. mistake, blunder, fault, error, slip, wrong485. moment, instant, minute, second, flash

486. more, most, a lot (of), a large[good, great, huge, vast] quantity (of), plenty (of), a (great, huge) mass of

487. move, remove, shift, transfer488. much, a large[great, huge] amount of, a good[great] deal (of), a fair[good, nice] bit (of)

489. much, very490. name, title491. neighbo(u)rhood, vicinity, proximity492. nervous, tense, stressful

493. no, not494. object, objective, purpose, aim, end, goal, target495. offer, proffer, provide, supply, afford, accommodate, equip, furnish, tender, volunteer

496. only, sole, single, unique497. origin, root, source, spring, beginning, birth, cause498. ought to, should

499. pain, ache500. pass, past501. peak, summit, top, climax, zenith502. percent, per cent, percentage

503. phylum, class, order, family, genus, species504. picture, painting, drawing, outline, sketch, portrait, landscape, caricature, cartoon

505. plan, design, blueprint, program(me), project506. poem, poetry, verse, stanza, epic, lyric, doggerel, jingle

507. possible, likely, probable508. possibly, perhaps, maybe, likely, probably509. press, compress, depress, express, impress, oppress, repress, suppress

510. price, charge, cost511. problem, question512. proportion, rate, ratio, scale513. quality, quantity, mass, weight

514. quiver, shiver, tremble, thrill, vibrate, shake, shudder, convulse, quake, quaver, tremor515. rare, scarce, at a premium

516. react, reaction; respond, response517. refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel, repulse, rebuff518. relate, relation, relationship, relative, relativity

519. rescue, save, deliver, redeem520. respectable, respected, respectful521. respecting, respective522. responsible, responsive

523. school, university, college, academy, institute524. seat, sit525. sensible, sensitive526. shall, should, will, would

527. shout, bawl, cry, call, exclaim, holler, yell, scream, shriek, screech, squall, squeal, squeak, wail, bark, bay, growl, howl, snarl, whine, yap, yelp, yip, bellow, roar, thunder

528. slow, slowly529. smell, taste, odo(u)r, fragrance, perfume, scent, incense, stink, whiff, aroma, flavo(u)r, savo(u)r, tang

530. some time, some times, sometime, sometimes531. sound, noise, voice532. soundless, noiseless, voiceless

533. speed, velocity, rate, pace, tempo, gallop534. stop, cease, halt, pause, quit535. storm, tempest, hurricane, typhoon, gale, cyclone, tornado, waterspout, twister, whirlwind, blizzard

536.story, legend, tale, romance, narrative, narration, anecdote, fable, folklore, myth, fiction, novel, saga

537. surprise, wonder538. symbol, attribute, badge, token, emblem539. technical, technological540. technique, technology

541. thank, appreciate, oblige542. thin, lean, slender, slight, slim, spare, lanky, gaunt, scrawny, bony, skinny

543. think, believe, consider, count, deem, reckon, regard544. throw, cast, heave, fling, hurl, pitch, toss

545. till, until546. tired, tiring, tiresome547. tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted548. traffic, transport, transportation, conveyance, vehicle

549. transmit, carry, convey, conduct550. travel, journey, tour, trip, voyage, cruise, excursion, jaunt, junket

551. used to, would; be used to, be accustomed to552. valuable, invaluable; precious, priceless553. value, worth

554. variable, varied, various, variance, variant, variation, variety555. visit, call, drop, see, look, come, stop

556. wake, waken, awake, awaken, arouse, rouse557. walk, pace, step, stride, stroll, strut, plod558. war, campaign, battle, combat, conflict, fight, warfare

559. -ward, -wards560. worth, worthwhile, worthy, deserve, merit

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