视觉艺术极为丰富，涵盖了素描、绘画、雕塑、设计、建筑、电影、电视和民间艺术。它使用广泛多样的工具、技法和过程。如素描可以作为创造活动、历史和文化的探究或分析的基础，而视觉艺术的任何其他领域都可如同素描作为前述活动的基础。标准表述的是教育目标

 

（最近有好多借口停止了写字✍️，归根结底是行动力的问题当我想不到写不出东西时，就让我回到到老路去，找一些英文文章做一下翻译练习，不管翻译的怎样，就让自己进入文字转换的世界里忘了时间吧～）以下是最近两天翻译的文章，主要内容是关于最发达的美国是怎样为全国学生的艺术教育制定科学专业权威的标准的？这些标准有哪些？如果按照这些标准看，你身边有哪些艺术教育机构符合呢？如果你在教小盆友画画，究竟可以有哪些高大上的学习目标？。

Why State and National EducationalStandards?为什么美国要颁布《国家艺术教育标准》？Early in 1991, the National Art EducationAssociation, with a consortium of national educational associations for visualart, music, dance, and theatre, began to develop national voluntary standardsunder the America 2000 initiative. Throughout the United States, each StateDepartment of Education creates policy and sets education standards to provideguidelines and expectations for what students should know and be able to dothroughout k-12 schooling in their state. While public schools are required tomeet local and state standards, national standards are voluntary and used bysome states to inform the development of their own state standards; otherstates adopt the national standards as their state standards. 

早在1991年，美国国家艺术教育协会，一个联合了视觉艺术，音乐，舞蹈和戏剧的国家教育协会，在美国的2000年目标这个法案中，开始创建了非强制性（自愿性）的国家标准此后，全美每个州的教育部门都制定了相关政策和教育标准，为学生从幼儿园到12岁的学习所需和所向，提供了教学指南和参考目标。

公立学校要求符合当地和所在州的教育标准，而国家标准则以自愿为原则，有些州直接采用，有些州把它作为教育的指导方针What do you mean by Visual Arts?什么是视觉艺术？Visual Arts, as defined by the National ArtEducation Association, include the traditional fine arts such as drawing,painting, printmaking, photography, and sculpture; media arts including film,graphic communications, animation, and emerging technologies; architectural,environmental, and industrial arts such as urban, interior, product, andlandscape design; folk arts; and works of art such as ceramics, fibers,jewelry, works in wood, paper, and other materials.

按照美国国家艺术教育协会的定义，视觉艺包含传统的纯艺术（美术）和媒体艺术，纯艺术有如素描，油画，版画，摄影和雕塑等；媒体艺术包含电影，图形传播（广告），卡通片和新兴的技术；另外视觉艺术还包含了建筑的，环保的，工业的艺术，例如城市，国内，产品，风景等设计；民俗艺术；以及工艺品如陶瓷，纤维，珠宝，木制品，纸张和其他材料。

What is National Visual Arts educationalstandards?什么是国家视觉艺术教育标准？There are voluntary nationalstandards for visual arts, dance, music, theater and media arts. Firstdeveloped in 1994, a new generation of standard was released in 2014. NAEA（National Art Education Association） believesthat all students deserve access to art education taught by art educators whoare accountable to students, families and stakeholders in their community.The national visual arts standards were created by visual arts educatorsworking with colleagues across the field of arts education to create standardsfor each arts education discipline. The national media arts standards werecreated by arts educators from across the field of arts education withrepresentation from visual arts, dance, music and theater. The standards arewritten to be instructional, assessable and aspirational. 

美国为视觉艺术，舞蹈，音乐和戏剧以及艺术媒介都设置了非强制性（自愿性）的国家标准它最先建立于1994年，这个标准的最新版本发布于2014年美国艺术教育协会认为，所有学生理应受到由艺术教育者（艺术老师）进行的艺术教育，而且每个艺术教育者，对他们所在的社区的学生，家庭和利益相关者也有这个责任。

视觉艺术教育者与艺术教育领域的同仁们一起合作制定了国家视觉艺术标准，从而为每个艺术教育学科建立了相应标准例如媒体艺术就是由艺术教育者制定，他们来自代表不同的艺术教育领域，包括视觉艺术，舞蹈，音乐和戏剧这一标准带有教育性，可评估性以及鼓励性。

What should children know and do in the art ?小朋友应该在艺术这一学科中学到和做到什么？These standards provide a framework forhelping students learn the characteristics of the *visual arts by using a widerange of subject matter, symbols, meaningful images, and visual *expressions,to reflect their *ideas, feelings, and emotions; and to evaluate the merits oftheir efforts. The standards address these objectives in ways that promoteacquisition of and fluency in new ways of thinking, working, communicating,reasoning, and investigating. They emphasize student acquisition of the mostimportant and enduring *ideas, concepts, issues, dilemmas, and knowledge offeredby the visual arts. They develop new *techniques, approaches, and habits forapplying knowledge and skills in the visual arts to the world beyond school.

下列标准所提供的框架，是为了帮助学生通过广泛的学科材料、符号、有意义的形象和视觉表现的运用，学习视觉艺术的各种特性，反映他们的*观念、感受和情绪，评价他们艺术学习的成果标准制定的这些目标，旨在促进学生获得思维、操作、交流、推理和探究的新方式及其流畅的运用。

标准强调，学生应该获得视觉艺术中最重要的和最持久的观念、概念、课题、难题和知识标准要求发展学生把视觉艺术的知识和技能应用到学校以外天地之中所需要的新*技法、途径和习惯The visual arts are extremely rich. Theyrange from drawing, painting, sculpture, and design, to architecture, film,video, and folk arts. They involve a wide variety of tools, techniques, and processes.The standards are structured to recognize that many elements from this broadarray can be used to accomplish specific educational objectives. For example,drawing can be used as the basis for creative activity, historical and culturalinvestigation, or *analysis, as can any other fields within the visual arts.

视觉艺术极为丰富其范围涵盖了素描、绘画、雕塑、设计、建筑、电影、电视和民间艺术它们使用广泛多样的*工具、技法和过程标准本身的建构出于这样一种认识，视觉艺术涵盖的广泛范围内的众多要素都可以用来实现特定的教育目标。

例如，素描可以作为创造活动、历史和文化的探究或分析的基础，而视觉艺术的任何其他领域都可以如同素描作为前述活动的基础标准表述的是教育目标The standards present educational goals. Itis the responsibility of practitioners to choose appropriately from this richarray of content and processes to fulfill these goals in specific circumstancesand to develop the curriculum. To meet the standards, students must learnvocabularies and concepts associated with various types of work in the visualarts and must exhibit their competence at various levels in visual, oral, andwritten form.

在丰富、广泛的范围内选择恰当的内容和过程，在特定的条件下实现这些目标，以及相应课程的研制，则是教育实践者的责任 为了达到标准，学生必须学习视觉艺术中与各类作品相联系的语汇和概念，必须用视觉、口头和书写形式，在各种水平上展露出他们的这些能力。

　　In Kindergarten–Grade 4, young childrenexperiment enthusiastically with *art materials and investigate the ideaspresented to them through visual arts instruction. They exhibit a sense of joyand excitement as they make and share their artwork with others. Creation is atthe heart of this instruction. Students learn to work with various tools,processes, and *media. They learn to coordinate their hands and minds inexplorations of the visual world. They learn to make choices that enhancecommunication of their ideas. Their natural inquisitiveness is promoted, andthey learn the value of perseverance.

年幼的儿童以极大的热情对视觉艺术教学所提供的艺术材料进行实验，对各种观念进行探究他们在艺术作品的创作和共享过程中表露出欢乐和兴奋创造是这种教学的核心，学生学会用各种工具、过程和媒体进行工作他们学会在视觉天地的探究中协调他们的双手和头脑，他们学会抉择，以强化观念的交流。

他们的自然好奇心得以促进，并习得意志力和持恒心的价值What is the specific visual art standards for younger kids?小朋友的视觉艺术学习标准具体有哪些？

As they move from kindergarten through theearly grades, students develop skills of observation, and they learn to examinethe objects and events of their lives. At the same time, they grow in theirability to describe, interpret, evaluate, and respond to work in the visualarts. Through examination of their own work and that of other people, times,and places, students learn to unravel the essence of artwork and to appraiseits purpose and value. Through these efforts, students begin to understand themeaning and impact of the visual world in which they live. These are thestandards of this stage:

随着学生从幼儿园升至小学低年级，他们的观察力得以发展，他们学会考察各种事物和他们生活中的事件，同时，他们对视觉艺术作品的描述、阐释、评价和反应能力得以发展通过对他们自己的和他人的、各个时代和地方的作品的考察，他们学会揭示艺术作品的本质，学会评价其目的和价值，通过这些努力，学生开始理解视觉天地在他们生活中的意义和影响。

以下是这阶段的视觉艺术教育标准:1. Content Standard: Understanding andapplying media, techniques, and processesAchievement Standard:

Studentsa.know the differences betweenmaterials, techniques, and processesb.describe how differentmaterials, techniques, and processes cause different responses

c.use different media,techniques, and processes to communicate ideas, experiences, andstoriesd.use art materials and tools ina safe and responsible manner

1、内容标准：理解和应用媒体、技法和过程   成就标准：学生能够a、懂得材料、技法和过程之间的区别b、描述不同的材料、技法和过程怎样引起不同的反应c、运用不同的媒体、技法和过程来交流观念、经验和情节d、以安全和负责的举止运用艺术材料和工具。

2. Content Standard: Using knowledge of*structures and functionsAchievement Standard:Studentsa.know the differences amongvisual characteristics and purposes of art in order to convey ideas

b.describe how different*expressive features and *organizational principles cause differentresponsesc.use visual structures and functionsof art to communicate ideas

2、内容标准：运用*结构和功能的知识   成就标准：学生能够a、懂得艺术的各种视觉特性与目的之间的差别，以便表达观念b、描述不同的*表情特征和*组织原理怎样引起不同的反应c、运用艺术的视觉结构和功能来交流观念。

3. Content Standard: Choosing andevaluating a range of subject matter, symbols, and ideasAchievement Standard:

Studentsa.explore and understandprospective content for works of artb.select and use subject matter,symbols, and ideas to communicate meaning

3、内容标准：选择和评价一定范围的学科材料、符号和观念   成就标准：学生能够a、探索和理解艺术作品预期的内容b、选择和运用学科材料、符号和观念来交流意义4. Content Standard: Understanding thevisual arts in relation to history and cultures。

Achievement Standard:Studentsa.know that the visual arts haveboth a history and specific relationships to various cultures

b.identify specific works of artas belonging to particular cultures, times, and placesc.demonstrate how history,culture, and the visual arts can influence each other in making andstudying works of art

4、内容标准：理解视觉艺术与历史和文化的关系   成就标准： 学生能够a、懂得视觉艺术有其历史，并与各种文化有着特定的关系b、识别具体的艺术作品从属的特定文化、时代和地点c、说明文化、历史和视觉艺术在艺术活动及其学习过程中是怎样相互影响和作用的。

5. Content Standard: Reflecting upon and*assessing the characteristics and merits of their work and the work of others

Achievement Standard:Studentsa.understand there are variouspurposes for creating works of visual artb.describe how people’sexperiences influence the development of specific artworks

c.understand there are differentresponses to specific artworks5、内容标准： 思考和*评估他们的和他人作品的特点及优缺点    成就标准： 学生能够。

a、理解视觉艺术的创造具有多种目的b、描述人的经验怎样影响着特定艺术作品的形成c、理解特定艺术作品可以引起不同的反应6. Content Standard: Making connectionsbetween visual arts and other disciplines。

Achievement Standard:Studentsa.understand and use similaritiesand differences between characteristics of the visual arts and otherarts disciplines

b.identify connections betweenthe visual arts and other disciplines in the curriculum6、内容标准：建立视觉艺术与其他学科的联系。

   成就标准：学生能够a、理解和运用视觉艺术与其他艺术学科之间特性的相似和差异b、指出视觉艺术与课程中的其他学科之间的联系如上信息，你对小朋友在视觉艺术这一学科中的学习目标和内容以及标准，有了更清晰的了解了吗？。

拓展阅读～https://www.arteducators.org/learn-tools/national-visual-arts-standards

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